New York Criminal Attorney Blog

So you have been charged in New York with Driving While Ability Impaired by Drugs (VTL 1192(4) or VTL 1192(4-a) if it’s a combination of drugs and alcohol) – specifically, the drug you are alleged to have ingested is cocaine. What comes next? Many times the officer who makes the initial stop is not a Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) so he might call for one to come to the scene. I will discuss DREs in a later blog. But typically, the arresting officer makes a few observations – dilated pupils, fidgety, talkative and of course, you admit to ingesting cocaine.

Once the arresting officer has your admission that you ingested cocaine, he will ask for a urine sample as opposed to a breath sample in a typical Driving While Intoxicated case. However, unlike a Breathalyzer test which supposedly can give a definitive Blood Alcohol Concentration based upon the alcohol present in your lower lung air, the urine test for cocaine can only tell us that there are cocaine metabolites in your urine thus establishing that the drug was used at some point in the past.

In fact, unlike with alcohol where the Legislature has set a .08 % blood alcohol content, as a cut off above which you are presumed intoxicated, with drugs, there is no such line of demarcation. Therefore, not only must the prosecution prove that you ingested a drug, they must also prove that such ingestion impaired your ability to drive with no regard for the amount of the drug in your system. In other words, there is no law in New York that says if one has a certain amount of nanograms per milliliter of urine, they are presumed impaired.

This proves very beneficial for the defendant because, the presence of cocaine metabolites in one’s urine only indicates that the drug was used in the past. No conclusion can be drawn about the degree on one’s impairment from the cocaine, if any, at the time of the urine testing. In fact, the amount of cocaine metabolite concentration in one’s urine tells us absolutely nothing about the amount of cocaine in one’s blood. There is no urine to blood ratio with regard to cocaine metabolites. Any toxicologists who says there is any such relationship is mistaken. Period.

In fact, famed toxicologist and pathologist Steven Karch has written that any attempt to infer impairment based upon urine concentrations of cocaine is “pure folly”. Without a blood test, it is impossible to for an expert to state with a reasonable degree of medical certainty that the defendant was impaired by cocaine based upon a urine test.

If you have been charged with driving under the influence of drugs in New York, you need experienced attorneys who are not just experienced with criminal defense but who are also well versed in the science behind your charges. Attorneys who can cross examine the People’s expert with knowledge of the science involved that not many attorneys have. We just don’t ask the standard scientific questions that so many attorneys ask without really knowing what they are talking about. We know these tests, we know the science behind them and we put the prosecution to the test. For more information call toll free 1-877-377-8666 or visit us on the web at www.tilemandcampbell.com.

Posted by John Campbell | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (0)

Posted In: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE , DWI/DWAI

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New York State traffic offenses such as speeding tickets, DWI's, Driving with a Suspended License and other driving infractions and crimes are getting more expensive. New York State already imposes surcharges totaling $85 for any traffic infraction over and above any fine. The total Surcharge is $80 in City Courts. However, the law imposed a cap, or maximum surcharge of $100 per incident which meant that if a motorist was convicted of multiple tickets the maximum surcharge could be $100. In a memo sent to all New York State City, Town and Village Courts, the Office of Court Administration has notified the Courts that effective for New York Vehicle and Traffic Law (VTL) offenses committed after July 6, 2009, the cap for mandatory surcharges was raised to $180.

The calculations are complex because over the years, as a way to increase revenue, New York has imposed an increasing number of fees on all types of convictions especially traffic violations. For example the $85 surcharge imposed on a routine traffic infraction such as speeding or passing a red light actually includes a $55 mandatory surcharge, a $5 crime victim assistance fee, a $5 town and village fee if the conviction is not in a City Court, and a $20 additional surcharge. The new $180 cap only applies to the mandatory surcharge and crime victim assistance fee. So if you are convicted of 10 routine traffic infractions, the surcharges will total $180 (the "cap"), plus $200 (the $20 additional surcharge 10 times) plus $50 (the town and village fee 10 times).

A conviction for a DWI can cost $400 just in surcharges. That's excluding the fine of between $500 and $1000. Even a conviction for Driving While Ability Impaired by Alcohol, a traffic infraction, carries surcharges of $260. Additionally, suspension lift fees (suspension termination fees) have gone up from $35 to $70 and the cap on these fees has doubled to $400.

The bottom line is that simply pleading guilty to and paying New York traffic tickets has gotten very expensive. Routine tickets can result in fines, surcharges, imposition of the driver responsibility assessment and insurance increases and/or surcharges. If you receive a traffic ticket contact an experienced New York traffic Court attorney or visit DrSummons.com.

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Posted In: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE , DWI/DWAI , TRAFFIC

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As experienced New York DWI attorneys, we deal with many different types of New York DWI cases. Many times in a New York Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) case, the motorist will have an allegedly high Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) but yet perform well on Field Sobriety Tests (FSTs) such as the “Walk-and-Turn”, “One Leg Stand”, and “Finger-to-Nose” tests. Also, many times, despite a high BAC, the motorists will appear fine on a video. When this happens, defense attorneys argue the obvious – the Breathalyzer was not working properly and therefore, the high BAC score was incorrect. Why else would the motorist perform well of the FSTs and appear fine on the video?

In an effort to try and explain this apparent discrepancy between the motorists BAC score, the prosecution will try to offer “Tolerance” Evidence. In other words, the prosecutor will try to make the jury believe that the reason the motorists performed well of the FSTs but yet had a high BAC is because the motorists is a chronic drinker who has been drinking heavily for a long time and therefore, has developed a tolerance to the effects of the alcohol.

However, the prosecutor should not be allowed to offer evidence regarding the motorist’s tolerance where they have no evidence that the motorist is in fact a heavy drinker and has therefore developed a tolerance. Without knowing the motorist’s drinking history and whether they were in fact a heavy drinker, tolerance evidence is completely irrelevant.

If you have been charged in New York with Driving While Intoxicated or Driving While Ability Impaired, call one of the experienced DWI attorneys at Tilem & Campbell toll free at 1-877-377-8666 for a free consultation. We handle cases throughout New York including White Plains, Greenburgh, Yonkers, New Rochelle, Mamaroneck and New York City as well as all other courts throughout the downstate area. You can also visit us on the web at www.tilemandcampbell.com.

Posted by John Campbell | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (0)

Posted In: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE , DWI/DWAI

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The difference between a New York criminal conviction for Driving While Intoxicated and a non-criminal conviction for the violation of Driving While Ability Impaired lies in the extent of the driver’s impairment. In fact, where a defendant is charged with Common Law Driving While Intoxicated, it is a common strategy for an attorney to ask the jury to find the defendant not guilty of Common Law Driving While Intoxicated (VTL 1192(3)) but guilty of the lesser included offense of Driving While Ability Impaired (VTL 1192(1)). Driving While Ability Impaired is a non-criminal traffic infraction while Driving While Intoxicated is an unclassified misdemeanor.

"Impairment" means that the defendant, by voluntarily consuming alcohol or drugs, has actually impaired, to any extent, the physical and mental abilities which he or she is expected to possess in order to operate a vehicle as a reasonable and prudent driver. “Intoxication”, however, is defined in New York as a greater degree of impairment which is reached when the driver has voluntarily consumed alcohol to the extent that he or she is incapable of employing the physical and mental abilities which he or she is expected to possess in order to operate a motor vehicle as a reasonable and prudent driver.

Therefore, one is impaired if their ability is impaired “to any extent” while to be intoxicated one must be totally incapable of operating the vehicle. It would appear that proving intoxication under this totally incapacitated standard would be difficult. However, impairment would be much easier to prove because all that is required is the slightest impairment – i.e., impairment “to any extent”.

If you have been charged in New York with Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or Driving While Ability Impaired (DWAI), call Tilem & Campbell toll free at 1-877-377-8666 for a free telephone consultation. Our attorneys are experienced with all aspects of DWI defense.

Posted by John Campbell | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (0)

Posted In: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE , DWI/DWAI

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Anyone arrested for Driving While Intoxicated in New York should be offered an opportunity to submit to a chemical test of their blood, breath or urine. If an offender refuses the chemical test in New York their license may be revoked for a period of one year regardless of whether or not they are ultimately convicted of DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) or DWAI (Driving While Ability Impaired). Due process requires that before your license can be revoked for one year, a hearing must be held to determine whether or not you refused to submit to a chemical test. Experienced criminal defense lawyers who handle DWI cases are aware of the value of these hearings to their clients.

A New York, DWI refusal hearing is conducted by a DMV (Department of Motor Vehicles) administrative law judge who must find that several factors occurred:

1. That there was reasonable cause (probable cause) for your arrest for DWI, DWAI or any violation of section 1192 of the Vehicle and Traffic Law,
2. Whether or not the arrest of the person was lawful,
3. Whether a person arrested was given adequate warnings of their refusal to submit to a chemical test , and
4. Whether the person actually refused to take the test.

The stakes at the refusal hearing are very high. If you win, your license, which was temporarily suspended at your arraignment on the criminal case will be lifted and your driving privileges will be fully restored. If you lose a New York refusal hearing your license will be revoked for a minimum of one year regardless of what happens in your criminal case. In addition, this is an opportunity for your lawyer to cross-examine the police officer regarding topics that go right to the heart of the criminal case pending against you at a very early stage of the proceedings.

These cases are winnable and experienced DWI lawyers can and do win these cases. In addition to winning these cases the opportunity for your attorney to cross-examine the main witness (or witnesses) against you is invaluable. The hearings are recorded and a transcription of the hearing can be extremely valuable in preparing your defense. It is very rare in criminal cases to be able to examine a witness at such an early stage in the proceeding.

In a nutshell, these extremely important hearings are not taken seriously by both attorneys and motorists alike but they should be carefully examined. No one should waive their hearing without seriously considering the benefits of waiving the hearing against the benefits of participating in the hearing and a person who wishes to challenge their DWI charges should never waive the refusal hearing. If you are charged in New York with DWI, DWAI, Driving While Impaired by Drugs or any other violation of section 1192 of the VTL, contact attorneys who are experienced with the charges and who regularly participate in the DWI refusal hearing.

Posted by Peter Howard Tilem | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (0)

Posted In: DWI/DWAI

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New York State may be the 11th State in the United States to make ignition interlock devices mandatory vehicles owned by people convicted of drinking and driving (DWI) even if it is their first conviction. The device can detect alcohol in a driver’s breath and prevents the car from starting if alcohol is detected. The proposal made by two Long Island legislators, Senator Charles J. Fuschillo, Jr. and Assemblyman Harvey Weisenberg is already gaining steam in Albany where it has already passed the Senate Transportation Committee. The ignition interlock legislation has passed the Senate before but has not gotten through the New York State Assembly.

While the legislation is popular, its effectiveness is questionable since it only works on the offender’s car and he could obviously drive any car including a rental, a friend’s car or a family member’s car. In addition, anybody could blow into the device thus permitting the intoxicated driver to operate the car.

As experience New York DWI attorneys know, this legislation will add another collateral consequence to a long list of consequences of New York DWI convictions. This list already includes: offenders having a criminal conviction, fines, surcharges, insurance consequences, Driver Responsibility Assessment and license revocation in addition to possibility of jail, probation, conditional discharge, mandatory attendance at a victim impact panel and revocation of offender’s registration.

New York DWI’s are costly and are getting costlier. Everyone needs to be careful. If you or a loved one has been charged with in New York with DWI or DWAI contact the law firm of Tilem & Campbell.

Posted by Peter Howard Tilem | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (1)

Posted In: DWI/DWAI , IN THE NEWS

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Tilem & Campbell would like to wish our friends, clients, colleagues and loyal readers of this blog a very happy, healthy and successful holiday season and 2009. During this time of year it is important to remind everyone to be careful on the roads. As we celebrate with our families, friends and colleagues, certain things bear repeating:

Do not drink and drive. As discussed in our March 3, 2008 blog, even small amounts of alcohol can result in an arrest and charge for DWI or DWAI.

Refusing to take a breath test can result in the revocation of your driver's license for one year whether or not you are convicted of DWI or DWAI. See our March 17, 2008 blog on refusal to submit to a chemical test in New York.

If you refuse to submit to a chemical test in New York, that fact may be used against you as evidence in your criminal case for DWI or DWAI. See the above March 17 blog.

Do not ignore traffic tickets or traffic fines. Doing so can result in your being charged with Driving with a suspended (or revoked) driver's license in New York (Aggravated Unlicensed Operation) which is crime in New York State. Please see our May 16, 2008 Blog on Driving with a suspended or revoked license.

If you are issued traffic summons or traffic tickets in New York keep in mind that a conviction for most moving violations carry points on your license in addition to the fines. If you receive six points on your license you will be assessed a driver's assessment fee from the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. This fee will be $100 for six points for three years plus $25 per year for each point over six. In addition, if you receive eleven points your license will be suspended and three speeding convictions in 18 months can result in your license suspension. Do not simply pay tickets indiscriminately. Contact an experienced traffic court attorney. An experienced attorney can often negotiate a substantial reduction of points and/or challenge the tickets.

Do not mix prescription pills (or illicit drugs) and driving. See our November 9, 2008 blog.

With a little commons sense lets all have a safe and healthy holiday season.

Posted by Peter Howard Tilem | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (0)

Posted In: DWI/DWAI , TRAFFIC

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In New York, it is illegal for one to operate a motor vehicle while that person’s ability to operate the motor vehicle is impaired by the use of a drug as defined in VTL § 114-a (See VTL § 1194(4) for the exact wording of the statute).

Vehicle and Traffic Law section 114-a defines a drug for purposes of VTL § 1194(4) as any substance listed in New York Public Health Law § 3306. In New York, if you are impaired or intoxicated by alcohol you could be charged with VTL § 1192(1); VTL § 1192(2); and/or VTL § 1192(3) (in other words DWI and/or DWAI); all three of which concern impairment or intoxication by alcohol.

However, in order to be charged with Driving by Ability Impaired By Drugs, you must have ingested a drug specifically mentioned in Public Health Law § 3306 and that drug must have impaired you ability to drive (this is discussed in a future blog). With new and more powerful drugs routinely hitting the “club scene”, it seems somewhat foolish to prohibit one from driving if they are under the influence of a drug listed in Public Health Law § 3306 while allowing them to drive with impunity if they ingest a drug not listed in Public Health Law § 3306. Recall, drugs such as GHB and Ecstasy were legal for years before they were banned. Simply stated, those driving under the influence of drugs not listed in Public Health Law § 3306 do not run afoul of VTL § 1192(4).

The list of drugs found in Public Health Law § 3306 is extremely long to the point that one might not even know if what they are taking, legally or otherwise, is listed in 3306. As I have repeatedly stated, never, never, never talk with law enforcement. For an exact list of the drugs that might subject you to driving while ability impaired by drugs see Public Health Law § 3306. And as always, if you have been charged with any alcohol a drug related driving offense in New York, call Tilem & Campbell for a free, confidential consultation.

Posted by John Campbell | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (0)

Posted In: DWI/DWAI

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New York State law enforcement officials announced this week a new campaign to crack down on Driving While Intoxicated or Impaired on New York State roads. The campaign coincides with the national "Drunk Driving. Over the Limit. Under Arrest,"campaign which is scheduled to last until September 2, 2008. The program calls for police agencies throughout New York State to increase the use of saturation patrols and checkpoints in an effort to catch intoxicated and impaired drivers.

Readers of this Blog and clients of Tilem & Campbell are reminded of my blog dated March 3, 2008 warning drivers about being arrested even if their Blood Alcohol Limit (BAC) is below the legal limit. Obviously it goes without saying that a driver should never operate a vehicle while intoxicated or impaired by any substance. However, if you are stopped in a DWI check point and you have alcohol on your breath you may be arrested regardless of whether you are legally intoxicated or impaired.

Keep in mind that if you refuse to take the breath test your license to operate a vehicle in New York will be revoked for a period of one year regardless of whether you are convicted of DWI or DWAI. Remember that a good lawyer can challenge both the police testimony and the breath test results.

If you are arrested, summoned or charged with DWI, DWAI or any other driving related criminal offense contact an experienced New York DWI Lawyer as soon as possible who can help fight for your license and your rights.

Posted by Peter Howard Tilem | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (2)

Posted In: DWI/DWAI , IN THE NEWS

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New York criminal defense law firm Tilem & Campbell scored another major victory in a Brooklyn Criminal Court today when the firm’s client had the most serious DWI charges dismissed and plead guilty to the traffic infraction of Driving While Ability Impaired. The client had been charged with several misdemeanors including two counts of Driving While Intoxicated and Reckless Driving and faced up to one year in jail. The client blew a .17 on the breath test machine, more than twice the legal limit, according to police who also claim that the client drove into an active construction zone prompting the Reckless Driving charge.

The case was very hard fought and required eighteen appearances in Brooklyn Criminal Court over a period of more than 20 months. In the end the Kings County District Attorney’s Office relented on the day the trial was scheduled to begin after being confronted with numerous irregularities in the procedures followed by New York City Police discovered by New York criminal attorney Peter Tilem, the firm’s senior partner.

Tilem learned during discovery that the police had forced the client to take a second breath test, after the results of the first test were thrown in the garbage. Tilem was able to obtain a video tape of the police officer actually throwing the results of the first breath test on the garbage. Tilem also observed that the client was chewing gum during the breath test which is specifically forbidden according to the User’s Manual for the Intoxilyzer 5000. Tilem keeps a copy of the manual for the Intoxilyzer 5000, the breath test of choice for the New York City Police Department (NYPD), in his office for precisely these reasons.

This is the latest in a series of major victories for the firm in Brooklyn and elsewhere having had a Driving While Intoxicated case recently reduced to Disorderly Conduct in Kings County Criminal Court and having had a gun possession case recently dismissed in Kings County Supreme Court.

Posted by John Campbell | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (0)

Posted In: DWI/DWAI

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Here at the New York Criminal Defense Firm of Tilem & Campbell we often represent defendants who, in addition to being charged with Driving While Intoxicated or Driving While Ability Impaired (please see previous posts), refused to submit to a chemical test. Almost always, the chemical test in question is a Breathalyzer or similar machine such as an Intoxilyzer which is usually used in New York City or DataMaster which is often used in Westchester County. Our attorneys are often confronted with questions about the consequences of the refusal. There are no New York State criminal consequences; however, there are other consequences that result from a refusal. First, the refusal can be introduced at trial as what is known in New York as consciousness of guilt evidence. Second, at the time of your arraignment, the court will immediately suspend your license pending the prosecution of your case.

Whether one should refuse a chemical test or not is a complex question well beyond the scope of this Blog. As always, my advice is to consult with a skilled and experienced criminal defense attorney. This Blog provides general informative reading but is not a substitute for personalized legal advise.

Essentially, any person who operates a motor vehicle in New York is be deemed to have given consent to a chemical test of, among other things, his or her breath for the purpose of determining the alcoholic and/or drug content of that person’s blood. See generally VTL 1194(2)(a). However, before an officer may request that a motorist take a chemical test, either a lawful arrest for Driving While Intoxicated or Driving While Ability Impaired, or a positive result on a lawfully requested breath screening test must have occurred. (Note: a breath screening test is NOT a Breathalyzer but is instead a test of one’s breath (not blood) given by an officer on the side of the road. The machine used is a small handheld device. The results can be used to establish probable cause to arrest for DWI or DWAI but the results are not admissible at trial. Breath Screening Tests will be discussed in subsequent Blogs.)

Where a motorist, after being properly warned of the consequences, refuses to take a lawfully requested chemical test, his or her license is immediately suspended (at arraignment) and, if the defendant subsequently loses his or her Refusal Hearing, revoked for refusal to submit to the chemical test (most likely a Breathalyzer or similar machine). NY VTL 1194(2)(b)(1). Please view the diagram at tilemandcampbell.com to see specific revocation periods. Where a defendant refuses, the officer must prepare a “Report of Refusal” which is given to the judge at arraignment.

The arraignment court is then required to temporarily suspend the defendant’s license pending the outcome of a DMV Refusal Hearing. VTL 1194(2)(b)(3). (Note: in New York City arraignment usually occurs within about 24 hours, the accused is held in jail for that period pending the arraignment but in most courts in Westchester County a summons is issued and the arraignment can take place weeks later.) The arraignment court must then notify the defendant of his or her “Refusal Hearing” date. In that regard, VTL 1194(2)(b)(4) requires that the arraignment court provide the defendant with a scheduled Refusal Hearing date.

The Refusal Hearing is an excellent opportunity for your attorney to cross-examine the officer without the prosecutor present. Because the officer need not appear but instead, may simply provide his report, it is sometimes wise to subpoena the officer to the hearing. The Refusal Hearing itself will be addressed in subsequent Blogs.

Posted by Peter Howard Tilem | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (10)

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As all New York Criminal attorney's know, very, very few criminal cases actually go to trial. The vast majority of cases are resolved with a plea bargain. This is especially true in the busiest Courts in New York such as Brooklyn, Manhattan and the Bronx where calendars of 100 cases or more per day are not uncommon. In fact, without plea bargaining, the criminal justice system would simply collapse.

The United States Supreme Court has recognized plea-bargaining as both essential and desirable. Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 261, 92 S.Ct. 495, 498, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971). Plea-bargaining results in several benefits: (1) the relief of court congestion; (2) alleviation of the risks and uncertainties of trial for both the government as well as the defendant:, and (3) its information gathering value that results from the government offering favorable pleas in return for cooperation, information and/or testimony. People v. Glendenning, 127 Misc.2d 880, 487 N.Y.S.2d 952 (N.Y.Sup. Westchester Cnty 1985).

In New York DWI cases, several factors come into play when plea bargaining takes place. In virtually all cases, the prosecutor is concerned with (1) the defendant’s prior criminal history, especially prior DWI or DWAI arrests (prosecutors typically consider arrests the same as convictions for plea purposes); (2) whether anyone was injured; and (3) whether there was any property damage. In DWI cases other considerations are whether there was an accident and whether the defendant refused to take a chemical test (i.e. a Breathalyzer). The DWI defendant also must be cognizant of the policy of the District Attorney’s Office in the particular county he or she is charged. For example, in Westchester, there will be no offer if the defendant refuses or “blows” .14 or above.

Finally, with rare exception, the law in New York requires that a defendant charged with Driving While Intoxicated plead guilty to Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or Driving While Ability Impaired (DWAI). Therefore, a plea bargain will usually result in an alcohol related conviction (DWI or DWAI). Of course, the main goal in plea bargaining DWI cases is to negotiate a plea bargain wherein the defendant pleads guilty to the violation of DWAI. If, however, the district attorney, after reviewing the available evidence, determines that a DWI or DWAI conviction is not warranted, the district attorney may consent, and the court may allow a plea of guilty to another charge in satisfaction of the DWI charge. In such a case, the court must set forth on the record the basis for such disposition.

As one can see, an attorney who handles DWI cases must be well versed in the general plea policies that affect every criminal case, the particular District Attorney’s office policies germane to DWI’s as well as the statutory plea restrictions applicable to DWI cases. Clearly, those charged with a DWI or DWAI need an attorney experienced with such cases.

Posted by John Campbell | Permalink | Email This Post | Comments (0)

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Last night I had the opportunity to begin my cross-examination of a Larchmont Detective who was the prosecutor’s sole witness in a suppression hearing that this firm was conducting on a Driving While Ability Impaired (DWAI) case against one of our clients. The case involves a woman who had a blood alcohol result of only .07 but was arrested in Larchmont, New York a small village in Westchester County. (Please see the last post for more information about the problems with prosecuting such low readings.)

While preparing for the suppression hearing and cross-examining this detective I was reminded of how important these hearings can be in DWI and DWAI cases. Sometimes these hearings can be more important than the trial itself. The stakes are high in suppression hearings. At stake is the suppression of the breath that was used to obtain the blood alcohol content reading and any statements that the police are alleging were made by the defendant. Without these critical pieces of evidence the prosecutor often has little hope of winning.

As a general rule in criminal law known as the “exclusionary rule” evidence and/or statements that are taken by the police in violation of the Constitution are to be suppressed by a Court and are therefore not admissible against the accused. Statements and evidence must also be suppressed if they are the “fruit” or result of the unlawful police conduct. In DWI cases these issues are critical.

The issues that must be explored by a skilled attorney and ultimately decided by a Court at such a hearing are numerous:
Did the police have reasonable suspicion for the initial stop of the defendant?
Did the police have probable cause for the arrest of the defendant?
Were Miranda warnings given to the defendant? At what stage?
Were field sobriety tests given? Were the tests properly administered?
How did the police Officer determine whether the defendant passed or failed?
Was the arrest pursuant to a checkpoint? If so was it constitutional?
The list of issues and subjects to be explored is too extensive for this article but you get the idea.

Last night the issue of the constitutionality of the roadblock was paramount and my questioning was so extensive that the Judge adjourned the case for several weeks so that I could continue my examination of the arresting Detective. Remember, this is usually a criminal defense attorney’s first opportunity to cross-exam the police witness in the case. It also usually the last opportunity before the actual trial so it’s important to go slow, be thorough and explore every relevant avenue in order to attack the lawfulness of the police officer’s conduct.
It’s also important not to take anything at face value. While I don’t want to give away too much about my cross-examination in a forum that could easily be read by a police officer that I was going to cross-examine, it’s important to be aware that just because a field sobriety test was administered doesn’t mean that it was administered correctly. Ask questions! Just because a roadblock was conducted doesn’t mean it was lawful. Ask questions!

If you ask the right questions, you might just be surprised by the answer. And perhaps the prosecutor will be forced to try his or her case without the evidence they so desperately want to use.

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Lawyers in this firm have been seeing a large number of arrests for DWI in New York in which the blood alcohol content (BAC) as determined by the breath test is exactly at or even below the legal limit. Jurisdictions that seem to be prosecuting cases that are either exactly on or a little below the legal limit have included Brooklyn and various jurisdictions in Westchester County including the Village of Larchmont, the Town of Greenburgh and the Village of Mamaroneck. While I have not seen any statistics on this phenomenon we have handled many of these cases and have heard about others.

The problems with prosecuting these cases are significant and in order to fully understand the issue one must have at least a basic knowledge of how breath tests work. Firstly, it’s important to understand that the statutory blood alcohol levels refer to the level of alcohol in a person’s blood. Despite this, in the overwhelming majority of cases it is a person’s breath that is tested not their blood. In order the convert the percentage of alcohol in breath into the blood alcohol content defined by statute, the breath machine must make a calculation based upon something called the “blood-breath” relationship. Since the “blood breath” relationship is not the same for every person, this builds in a certain level of error in determining blood alcohol content.

If a person registers a .08 blood alcohol content, even a slight error in the calculation can mean the person is really slightly below the legal limit and therefore not guilty of diving with a blood alcohol content above the legal limit. This fact would not preclude a conviction for something called common law intoxication in which a person’s intoxication can be proven through other factors such as swerving, or failing coordination tests (often called field sobriety tests).

The other issue is that we have seen arrests for blood alcohol levels as low as .068 and heard about arrests for blood alcohol contents in the .05’s. This means that you can be arrested for consuming as few as 2 drinks in two hours depending on your weight, sex and level of experience. This site put together by the State of Connecticut contains several charts that show the relationship between number of drinks and blood alcohol levels.

The bottom line is be careful. It now seems abundantly clear that in certain jurisdictions if you are stopped and have the odor of alcohol on your breath you may be arrested even if your blood-alcohol content is below the legal limit.

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As I discussed in my previous post, DWI charges in New York and New Jersey can effect people from all walks of life and have very serious consequences. Getting an experienced lawyer involved early can make the difference. Evidence needs to be obtained and preserved. For instance, are there credit card receipts or restaurant bills that can be obtained and demonstrate how much alcohol was consumed? Are there bartenders, waiters friends or family members that need to be interviewed and if there was an accident has the car and/or scene been photographed? Put simply, there are a myriad of facts that can be sought and preserved to obtain evidence to be used for your case.

Yet despite all of these potential avenues of attack and the severe consequences of a guilty plea, many attorneys simply recommend that their clients plead guilty without thoroughly investigating the case and without fully explaining all of the consequences of a guilty plea.

This is a scary period of time. You cannot afford to lose your head. The bottom line in all of this is simple. Consult an experienced attorney that you trust as soon as possible. Make sure that the lawyer you hire handles DWIs and then follow his or advice. Ask questions. Make sure you understand your rights and your responsibilities. All too often your actions after your arrest including when you hire an attorney and who you hire can have a significant effect on the outcome of the case.

Peter Tilem, is a practicing criminal defense lawyer in White Plains, New York and is Of Counsel to Fischer Porter & Thomas in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. He is a former prosecutor in Manhattan and has handled numerous DWI cases as both a prosecutor and defense attorney.

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As if to prove the point of my last post about the pervasiveness of Drinking and Driving in the New York metropolitan area, I just came across the article about a prominent New York Attorney, Albert Gaudelli getting arrested in Queens for DWI.

What particularly caught my attention about this case is that he was apparently drinking at a party hosted by Queens District Attorney Richard Brown who will now be responsible for prosecuting Mr. Gaudelli. In addition, if you read the article, you will see that Mr. Gaudelli, a prominent criminal attorney in New York, also tried to escape from the police by backing away and hitting a police car in the process.

Many of you may remember Albert Gaudelli as the attorney who represented Nicholas "Fat Nick" Minucci in the Howard Beach, New York hate crime trial.

Interesting that a trained criminal defense attorney felt it was better to try to evade the police than to attempt to fight these charges in Court.

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In New York and New Jersey Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) is one of the most pervasive charges facing individuals today. Pervasive in that it is a charge that unlike most other criminal charges, pervades every element of our society. Unlike other criminal defendants who are more often young and poor and often have extensive criminal records, people charged with DWI include teens and baby-boomers, blue collar and white collar individuals, people who drive for a living, and people who would never even think of committing another crime. And pervasive because few other charges can have such far reaching effects. While most criminal charges can result in probation, a fine or even jail, few other charges can result in the loss of your driving privileges and long lasting effects on your insurance premiums. In addition, a conviction can leave you with a permanent criminal record. (In New Jersey the average DWI conviction can cost over $3500 exclusive of insurance premium increase and attorneys fees)

Yet, despite these consequences, few who are accused and few lawyers ever challenge these cases thinking that the prosecution’s case is to strong to successfully litigate.
To further complicate the matter, the recent trend towards toughening DWI laws has created a maze of statutes that are often confusing to not only individuals but also to all but the most experienced lawyers. For instance, while most states suspend or revoke the license of those who refuse to take a breath or other chemical test, New York State now also suspends the licenses of those who do, prior to conviction, while the matter is being litigated. In addition, many places also summarily seize your vehicle.

In addition, the recent reduction in the statutory limit to .08% blood alcohol content now criminalizes having only a few drinks with dinner. Yet, a person doesn’t actually have to be driving the car to be charged with DWI. Merely sitting in the driver’s seat, with the key in the ignition can be considered “operating” a motor vehicle for the purposes of a DWI arrest and conviction.

As dire as these charges seem, all is not lost. Many breath machines have been proven to be inaccurate. In addition, constitutional challenges to the admissibility of evidence can severely hurt the prosecutions chances of obtaining a conviction, and a skilled attorney can often, through appropriate cross-examination, show the arresting officer to be less than reliable in his observations and recollections concerning a DWI arrest.

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